Benedict XII was the third pope of the Avignon papacy, reigning from 1335 until his death in 1342. Born Jacques Fournier in Saverdun, he was a Cistercian monk and a former inquisitor who had previously served as the Bishop of Pamiers. During his pontificate, he focused heavily on theological matters and the reform of religious orders. He is noted for his efforts to reduce nepotism and clerical greed, as well as for his attempts to resolve complex doctrinal disputes regarding the state of souls after death.